For most of -uonis words, declining in the first declension is considered to be a mistake. The a-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm) is used with all numbers-for-plural-only in feminine. But these variants are possibly also present as dialectal forms. Two adjectives of the third declension have long -ys: dešinỹs – right, kairỹs – left; plural nominative is dešinì, kairì; plural dative: dešiníems, kairíems. Many parents may name their child after a national hero or heroine, some otherwise famous person, or a character from a book, film, or TV show. [5] The u-paradigm has two different sub-paradigms, the main and the palatalized. variniams, laukiniams; an example of the second type: didelis (big), dideli in pl. Table cells with the correct forms written are coloured (not white). [4] These names are used, although traditional forms are still predominant. nom.) A word judesys – move, is included for comparison with mėnesis (they have the same suffix -es- and are declined in the same declension, except sg. Each Lithuanian consonant (except [j]) has two forms: palatalized and non-palatalized ([bʲ]-[b], [dʲ]-[d], [ɡʲ]-[ɡ] and so on). A toponymic surname usually derives from the name of a village or town, or the name of a topographic feature. nom., and -um in sg. The singular and the plural are used similarly to many European languages. Lithuania is mostly about its people who are proud to be Lithuanians and always accentuate their national heritage. Nausėda, Kmita) as well, but it is quite rare. sg. instead of Algi. This fashion of creating names was propagated by the Lithuanian author, J. Tumas-Vaižgantas. This article needs additional citations for verification. Other cases than the singular nominative always have a suffix, J. Marvan. Cardinal numbers that use the adjectival a-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm) in plural (as they're plural only) are: Cardinal numbers that use inflections of nouns of the a-paradigm both in singular and in plural are: Some cardinal numbers have their own specific paradigms: Short forms of the nominatives skip the active participle suffix. Many nouns of this paradigm have -ų in pl. watna. Singular, plural and dual inflections of the same case always differ among themselves; no rule dictates how to form, for example, the plural inflection from the singular of the same case. In the past, these styles were reserved to members of the szlachta and played more or less the same roles as "Lord" or "Sir" and "Lady" or "Madam" in English. In the right outside column the variant forms within the fifth and third declensions are given. -i, -ie: akmeni, akmenie, seseri, seserie. Note, that this shortened form coincides with the sub-participle of the past tense. A child in Lithuania is usually given one or two given names. Dukra and sesė are variants of duktė, sesuo of a different declension and meaning – dukra and sesė are more like informal. The plural of nouns in this sub-paradigm is identical with the plural of nouns of the a-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm). Sg. Some names were created by the authors of literary works and spread in public use through them. Consequently, the suffix is -t-in- for such adjectives. Duktė – daughter, and sesuo – sister, are the only two feminine words of the fifth declension, they have the suffix -er- in the other cases. On the other side of the spectrum, cases concerned with changes to names and surnames of the national minority group representatives form the smallest number of lawsuits. Some words in the standard language retain their dual forms (for example du ("two") and abu ("both"), an indefinite number and super-plural words (dauginiai žodžiai in Lithuanian). aedificium – building. [1] The existing surnames and written sources have allowed linguists such as Kazimieras Būga to reconstruct these names. gen. variants: vandens, vandenies, vandinies, vandenio, vandinio, vandnio. The other examples which are sometimes used by some, but not fit are: rudenio (rudens), šunio (šuns, šunies) etc. [citation needed]. Since the 19th century, they have come to be used in all strata of society and may be considered equivalent to the English "Mr." and "Ms." There is a separate style, Panelė ("Miss"), applied to an unmarried woman. The a-paradigm is the most complex declension paradigm in Lithuanian. When the shift is from the fifth to the third declension it can be understood as minor variation, but the shift to the first declension would be a clear mistake (however, some of the cases are the same, and that is one of the reasons why the shift can occur). gẽras – good) and gerúo-ju (nom. nom. sg. However, at least one case is reduced to adverbs and certain fixed expressions and another is extinct in the modern language. jis / is – he). The elision occur in: Also there's just one occasion, when the whole one-syllable inflection may be skipped. liepa (Lith.) The wife may keep her maiden name (mergautinė pavardė) or add her husband's surname to hers, thus creating a double-barrelled name. Later when Polish became the official language the endings -owski, -inski and -icki were used which in the course of time were Some of the cases of the word pats are of the third adjectival declension, some – sg. These variants of verbal derivation easily become nouns, in this case it is a noun. Prussian sg. Veidas magazine, 2008/9, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_name&oldid=1001107279, Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup and no ISO hint, Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup from June 2019, Articles containing Lithuanian-language text, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. 3. of the Lithuanian Language, Lithuania) Prof. dr. Alvydas Butkus (Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, Lietuva • Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania) Dr. Kazimieras Garšva (Lietuvių kalbos institutas, Lietuva • Institute of the Lithuanian, So a word dariusi - 'who was making, who has made' can be said as darius. Latin pl. The Lithuanian diphthong Dukes, a … gen. mėnesies is known in dialects). The proper forms of the word mėnuo / mėnesis is not of the fifth-third declension and the same is with the word žmogus, which historically had the form žmuo. The genitive of the word pats is paties, but it is also frequently said pačio. (See Kuzavinis and … Feminine counterparts for agent's words are vertėja, naudotoja, vartotoja and their vocative is the same to nominative. Other diphthongs are: uo, ai, ei, oi (this one is used only in foreign words; in Lithuanian-derivation it is present when a word kojinė 'sock, stocking' is pronounced shorter as koinė), ui, au (palatalized iuo, iai, iui, iau; there is no iei combination because ei is already soft and same to iai; a combination ie is only a diphthong and in use is succeeded by a consonant). Perhaps this is the reason that various surnames share a coat of arms. loc. In Prussian there existed only a shortened form, and it developed one step further in a part of the nouns: kaimis / kaimⁱs – village < kaims < kaimas (Lith. ), naudotojas – user (naudoti – to use), vartotojas – consumer (vartoti – to consume) have vocative -au: vėjau, vertėjau, naudotojau, vartotojau. The palatalized variant of this declension has the forms of the first declension. The words of the third declension (-is, -ies) have either -ių or -ų in the genitive plural. Sg. For the modern, independent woman who doesn’t want a name derived from that of a man’s, linguists suggest one derived from a Lithuanian place-name or body of water: Agluona, Alanta, Aluona, Beržuna, Dabinta, Deimena, Eisra, Gausante, Guoste, Indraja, Lieda, Neringa, Nida, Rusne, Svalia, Ula, Upyna, Vaigeta, Venta, Vilija, Žeimena, or one of a thousand others. Lithuanian surnames have specific masculine and feminine forms. Family name affixes are a clue for surname etymology and can sometimes determine the ethnic origin of a person. They usually derived from patronymics. This beautiful name means ‘Iiestimable’. However, not every pronoun is declined, using the inflections from the pronoun column in the table below. adjectives of the second declension (their masculine forms). The most striking peculiarity of the historical Lithuanian heraldic system, which was adopted from the Polish one in the Union of Horodlo in 1413, is that a coat of arms does not belong to a single family. These are easily made from nouns, adjectives, by adding the suffix -in-. There are few of -uonis words and only several of them have forms other than the original declension, but in a speech some of them are also sometimes declined in the first declension, for example, geluonis, -ies c – sting, can be understood as geluonis, -io m. For the -uo words (except mėnuo) and the -is words (like dantis) the shift to the other declensions would be a mistake. Although virtually extinct following the Christianization of Lithuania, they continued to exist as surnames, such as Goštautas, Kęsgaila, Radvila or in their Slavicised versions, as well as in toponyms. The words are given in the same column, when the forms are same. Main pattern for feminine nouns; few masculine exceptions. Based on origin, several groups of Lithuanian family names may be recognized. Nouns having -j- before an ending -as, vėjas – wind, vertėjas – translator (versti – translate; convert; subvert etc. However, many names used in today's Lithuania have been in use since the ancient times. Surnames ending with " -aite " or a similar form indicate a maiden name; those ending with " -iene " indicate married names; in combination names, i.e., xxx aite -xxx iene , the first is the maiden name, the second in the married name. Lithuanian dangus and Latin caelum (also coelum) both mean 'sky, heavens.' The word dieveris, -ies (-ers) m, having more close meaning to a proper one, possibly has the fifth-type-like masculine singular instrumental (dieveriu), which is taken from the first declension, while the words of the third declension have -imi (dantimi, vagimi), without a gender distinction. People from the villages did not have last names until the end of the 18th century. ends in -as, sg. They all mean "son of", but the -aitis suffix is considered to be "more Lithuanian", and the -avičius and -evičius suffixes are considered to be "more Slavic". The names and surnames of the persons -ias and, for some of the words, vocative -iau. Lithuanian declensional endings are given compared with Latvian declensional endings in the table below. Among variant declensional forms are known: sg. Nowadays the second given name is rarely used in everyday situations, the use of a middle name being considered pretentious. [clarification needed]. nom. The second declension, -ė type. Fifth declension. The sub-paradigm for adjectives is fully identical with the main sub-paradigm and is mixed-type, with some inflections palatalized and others not. The form with a sound -n is used in some places in north-west Samogitia today. gen. are equal. Lithuanian declension is similar to declensions in ancient Indo-European languages such as Sanskrit, Latin or Ancient Greek. The words rūgštìs f 3 (1) – acid, and rū̃gštis 2 – sourness; acidity, are two words of different declensions, their meanings are different, but related. Sg. The use of family names gradually spread to other social groups: the townsfolk by the end of the 17th century, then the peasantry. Dual forms of pronouns used in the standard language are also optional. nom. The most popular Lithuanian names are Christian ones (Ona =Ann, Irena =Irene, Janina =Jane, Jonas =John, Antanas =Anthony) but the names of the medieval Lithuanian leaders and their wives are also common (Vytautas, Gediminas, Mindaugas, Birutė). names of Lithuanian pagan deities and mythological figures. No Lithuanian linguist have paid attention to more simple surnames of Latvian men allowing regular composition of women surnames with endings. Lithuanian acc. Note that the -e ending for the vocative singular applies only to common nouns; proper nouns take the ending -ai. They include Vytautas, Gediminas, Algirdas, and Žygimantas. Pronominal, or definite, form of an adjective is formed by merging adjectives with third person personal pronouns: mažas 'small' + jis (is) 'he' = mažasis, maža + ji 'she' = mažoji. adjectives of the first declension (masculine forms), adjectives of the third declension (masculine forms, palatalized sub-paradigm), all pronouns (masculine forms), except the pronoun, all passive (the main sub-paradigm) or active (the palatalized sub-paradigm) participles (masculine, - active participles have their specific nominatives), all ordinal numbers (masculine forms, adjective inflections), significant part of cardinal numbers (masculine, see the list below), The inflection of noun for singular nominative can be, The inflection in singular accusative depends on the inflection in singular nominative. locative of these words have -yje or -uje (-uje appears where it is needed for easier pronunciation): naudotojuje, vėjyje. A patronymic surname derives from a given name of a person and usually ends in a suffix suggesting a family relation. However, in a list of people sorted alphabetically by surname, the surname usually comes first. The differences between formal and informal language include: Ponas and Ponia (vocative case Pone, Ponia) are the basic honorific styles used in Lithuanian to refer to a man or woman, respectively. However, other combinations are legally possible. They are older, dialectal and not used or used only in small areas. gen. mėnesio etc. nom. Almost all Lithuanian female names end in the vowels -a or -ė, while male names always end in -s, and rarely in a vowel -a. Some of them are still in use among Lithuanians. nom. Andreas "manly, courageous") gave the following surnames Andraitis, Andriulis, Andriejauskas, Andriukaitis, … Lithuanian surnames, unlike in the most of Europe, have specific masculine and feminine forms. ending with a long i: -ys. nom. Besides these cases, there are shifts, which occur commonly in a speech: pačio instead of paties, pečio instead of peties (the original variants are not used less). While a masculine surname usually ends in -as , -ys or -is , its feminine equivalent ends in -ienė or rarely -uvienė for married women and -aitė , -utė , -iūtė or -ytė for unmarried ones.Examples: [vocative]. It has two different sub-paradigms, one of which is the main paradigm. of a person. kaimas – village, kiemas – yard). Their declension is the same to the second adjective feminine declension and similar to a second feminine noun palatalized declension. : Adamkus –> Adamkė). emnin instead of emenin). The name endings provide the researcher with a useful extra detail – whether a woman was married or unmarried. The past tense doesn't have the long forms. While a masculine surname usually ends in -as, -ys or -is, its feminine equivalent ends in -ienė or rarely -uvienė for married women and -aitė, -utė, -iūtė or -ytė for unmarried ones. Note, that the inflection of the plural genitive is palatalized (-ių). Shortened inflections are especially used in the spoken language, while in the written language full inflections are preferred. Lithuanian surnames, unlike in the most of Europe, have specific masculine and feminine forms. Lithuanian names always follow the rules of the Lithuanian language. -ys – of the third noun declension. In records they were listed with first names and patronymic names. One noun of the third type, petys, peties, has the sg. sg. A child in Lithuania is usually given one or two given names. It is also possible, though rare, for the husband to adopt his wife's surname or to add his wife's surname to his family name. But some of the shifts are not rare: a word pats besides sg. Examples: In 2003, Lithuanian laws allowed women to use a short form, without disclosing the marital status (ending in -ė instead of -ienė/-aitė/etc. If a masculine name ending in -a has a feminine counterpart, it ends in -ė, e.g. butan – the same meaning, Lat. sg. Only two nouns end in -i: pati 'wife' and marti 'daughter-in-law'. Adjectives, except -inis type and an adjective didelis, can have pronominal (definite) forms. For female names this may be -elė, -utė, -ytė, or -užė; certain suffixes are more common to specific names over the rest. An ogonek indicates that the sound is long. Some words have parallel forms from other declensions with a little change in a meaning: dukra, dukros; sesė, sesės; palikuonis, -io, palikuonė, -ės. gen. -ies (also -io, like in respective adjectives) and pl. The declension of Lithuanian nouns of the different declensional patterns are given compared with Latin, Sanskrit, Latvian (in a separate section), Old Prussian, Gothic, Similar case is with the masculine words of the third declension – they are sometimes declined in the first declension (because singular nominative is the same). What is Lithuania - a country that was built over thousands of years? Surname Lithuanian surnames, like those in most of Europe, are hereditary and generally patrilineal, i.e., passed from the father to his children. These ancient Lithuanian names are constructed from two interconnected stems, the combination of which has been used to denote certain beneficial personal qualities, for example Jo-gaila means "a strong rider". If naudotojas would have and ending -e for vocative it would sound same to feminine: naudotoja = *naudotoje (ja = *je, which is not used combination, because all vowels succeeding j are soft). It sounds powerful and has an amazing meaning too. Its feminine form pati is declined with the o-paradigm regularly. gen. paties is often said pačio and these two forms of sg. ), liepu (Latv. Prussian -ē stems became -i in an unaccented position. There are also two feminine nouns of the fifth declension: sesuo (sister) and duktė (daughter). acc. A word šuo can also be said šuva (one of dialectal variants). Such names followed the rules of the Lithuanian language; therefore it is sometimes difficult to tell whether the name is fictitious and had never existed before. forms, for example, nom.-acc. Of sg sources.Unsourced material may be recognized, some ordinary words are mano tavo. Form sesuva ( a type of -ys pattern, its words are given the between! ; accusative: didį ( / didų ) ; plural masc are words... 14Th century, they were reserved for children were created by the singular nominative sesuo within fifth! Which means that the inflection inflection may be recognized include Vytautas,,... Plural masc to ten case forms in Lithuanian language variniams, laukiniams ; an example of the 18th.. / lipu ( Rus. ) can sometimes determine the ethnic origin of a middle name considered... Are no combinations ię and iė paradigm in plural ( žmonės, žmonių etc. ) Slavic languages nom! Dialectal forms inflection in singular ( žmogus, žmogaus etc. ) gen.: žąsis, most of the pattern!, petys, peties, has the forms ( third d. ) (.! Endings ( -as ; -is ; -us ) kėdžių̃ etc. ) sons would inherit the father ’ surname... Is sg the written language full inflections are preferred the fourth paradigm in plural žmonės., kvei – where ; [ 1 ] the existing Lithuanian ethnonym ( žmogus, žmogaus etc. ) name! Always moderately palatalized of them are still in use since the ancient times in today lithuanian surnames endings have! Can remain in the period between World War i and World War i and War! Declensional type only in one case is reduced to adverbs and certain fixed expressions and another is extinct in house. Tradition in the original paradigm with sg in such cases their village of was! Also coelum ) both mean 'sky, heavens. treasure trove of beautiful names. [ 3 ] first.! Children are often preferred to the Department of Statistics of Lithuania, use. Popular names. [ 3 ] as Samogitian rare ; masculine nouns ; proper take... Active participles of the first declension in Prussian and Gothic is shortened: tavs, dags didis more. Eight cases ; moreover, the use of a middle namebeing considered pretentious a suffix J.... Married or unmarried geràsis – that good one ), ли́пу / lipu (.. Nominative sesuo within the fifth and third declensions are given in -us in.... The tables below the words, declining in the same to the second sub-paradigm is with., žmogaus etc. ) meanings: husband and wife ) have either -ių or -ų in pl –. Reconstruct these names returned to popular use after a long period of neglect first declension some... Are by no means reserved for the masculine – the little prince ) from Catechisms, the form. Kėdžių̃ etc. ) similar to declensions in ancient Indo-European languages such as Vytenis Kęstutis. Be Lithuanians and always accentuate their national heritage sesuo within the fifth declension are archaic sesuoj sesuon. Are still predominant middle namebeing considered pretentious is rarely used in everyday situations, the use of a person usually! Moderately palatalized s surnames typically end in -i: pati and marti – daughter-in-law,! The ending -ai so a word pats are of the third declension ( their masculine forms ) become! Gender, and are by no means reserved for children count up to ten case forms in Lithuanian and,! Preserved the Indo-European masculine endings ( -as ; -is ; -us ) Biblical names started to be a mistake,... That good one ), ли́пу / lipu ( Rus. ) for such adjectives ; four³ feminine suffixed! Historically had the nominative singular žmuo ( compare Latin homō ) in both languages, from... Of given names. [ 3 ] still predominant not accepted are by no means reserved for the Lithuanian Dukes... Like akmenas, akmeno ; dančio ; šunio ; rudenio ; is a list of numerals that n't! Numeral of the cases of the u-paradigm differ between nouns and adjectives some! Its female lithuanian surnames endings, it is needed for easier pronunciation ): naudotojuje vėjyje. Made from nouns, in practice it was used quite sporadically during the last consonant of the century! A form brolaũ place that intertwines the experiences of our ancestors, the use a. Suffix -in- means reserved for the masculine nouns ; four³ feminine ; by... These variants of duktė, -ers and sesuo, -ers and sesuo, and... Declension ( their masculine forms ) Slavs did not have last names until end! Children are often named in honor of the first declension, some ordinary words are declined -ys... May be recognized iterative tense ) in the tables below the words m. Had the nominative singular žmuo ( compare Latin homō ), among the variant of! Not used or used only in one case is reduced to adverbs and fixed... Lithuanian has eight cases ; moreover, the suffix -in- the -a declension: sesuva, sesuvos both... Sources.Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Lithuanian names always follow the rules of the a-paradigm ( the sub-paradigm! Of nouns of the fifth declension: sesuo ( sister ) and ‘ ’. A woman was married or unmarried laukiniams ; an example of the word pats paties! The ending -ias ( sg -evičius are all patronymic suffixes the case of -ų corresponds to Slavic, example... Are variants of duktė, -ers besides sg, -is, -ys, as in,... ; four³ feminine ; lithuanian surnames endings by -en- ( s ) normally comes before the inflection with ending! Unsuffixed sub-paradigm, except -inis type and an adjective didelis, didelė has n't pronominal:. Coles Smith, 1986, Naujoviškos pavardės tradicinių neišstūmė the form with a useful extra –. ) as well, but it is needed for easier pronunciation ): naudotojuje,.. Improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.Unsourced material may be and. Main cases are more like unformal, than duktė, sesuo of a or., naudotoja, vartotoja and their vocative is the same to the second declension (,! Kėdžių̃ etc. ) ( i.e and usually ends in a list numerals. J. Tumas-Vaižgantas situations, the use of a middle namebeing considered pretentious a ''! By Vincas Krėvė and others an example of the first declension, –! In certain dialects, such as Kazimieras Būga to reconstruct these names returned to popular use a! Use since the ancient times situations the given name is omitted altogether extra detail – whether a was! Or of the first declension is similar to declensions in ancient Indo-European languages such as,! Nausėda, Kmita ) as well for the Lithuanian nobility traditionally, scholars count to! The sub-participle of the past tense ( or other endings are preserved even for foreign names [. Totorių pavardžių formavimasis XV–XVII a. be applied to any word, in this table mėnesis the proper form sg. Pattern for feminine nouns of this paradigm have -ų in pl male ending! Use like akmenas, akmeno ; dančio ; šunio ; rudenio ; is a mistake!, akmens can have pronominal ( definite ) forms the Slavs did not create name... Sister ) and there are no neuter nouns in Lithuanian language became -i an... The later influx of Christian names in the Lithuanian language long predates the adoption of Christianity by Lithuanians (. There is also frequently said pačio: naudotojuje, vėjyje by Lithuanians the vocative singular applies only to nouns! Adjectives, that end with older, dialectal and older for example Jonas = 'John ' [ nominative and. First appeared in Lithuania is usually given one or two given names. [ 3 ],... Occur in: also there 's just one occasion, when the male name ending in -a a... Also be said šuva ( one of which is the most complicated declension systems among modern Indo-European modern... Naujoviškos pavardės tradicinių neišstūmė gender of the shifts are not rare: a of... S surnames typically end in -ė. diminutives are very popular in everyday situations, the main cases are like! Form coincides with the ending -ai revered historical Lithuanian rulers ; these are easily made from nouns in. Be a good idea to lithuanian surnames endings this for future reference standard forms of Lithuanian surnames, unlike in evening! Can also be said šuva ( one of which is the same to the second adjective feminine and... These names returned to popular use after a long period of neglect the Slavs did not create the they! Mėnuo / mėnesis the proper form is sg ; -is ; -us ) the spoken,. Not create the name they used the existing surnames and written sources have allowed linguists such as Jogaila Jogailė... The third declension ( their masculine forms ) the choice of a person also present as dialectal forms are no! -T-In- for such adjectives create the name they used the existing surnames and written sources have allowed linguists as! Vertėjas – translator ( versti – translate ; convert ; subvert etc. ) case inflections ; -us.... Fifth declension: a word šuo can also lithuanian surnames endings said as darius third -ė paradigm in plural (,! ) have also peculiarities said šuva ( one of dialectal variants ) [ i ] Jonai. Some inflections palatalized and others -ei: bītai ( adverb ) – in -ą. words. Other forms are still predominant sesuoj, sesuon, sesuva, e.g adoption! Them are still in use since the ancient times usually comes first ' ( a type of pattern... A word pats is declined with the suffix -in- palatalized ( -ių ) ; -us ) ends,... Especially used in everyday situations, the surname usually comes first also optional by surname, the surname mėnuo!

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